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The science of sound: Understanding how the brain helps us hear in noise

May 20, 2025 | Vince Lara-Cinisomo

A new study aims to deepen our understanding of how the brain influences our ability to distinguish speech amid background noise

*Ian Mertes has been interested in how the brain influences the inner ear since he was a graduate student. (Photo provided)*

For millions of people worldwide, hearing loss is not simply a matter of volume but clarity—especially in noisy environments. Struggling to distinguish a single voice in a crowded restaurant, a busy office or even a family gathering is a common report among those with hearing difficulties. Researchers at the forefront of auditory science are investigating an essential but often overlooked aspect of hearing: the brain’s role in processing sound.

A study led by Department of Speech and Hearing Science Associate Professor Ian Mertes, titled “Olivocochlear Efferent Function: Associations with Hearing in Noise and Listening Effort,” aims to deepen our understanding of how the brain influences our ability to distinguish speech amid background noise. The project, supported by a three-year, $570,000 grant from the National Institutes of Health, will examine the neurological mechanisms that contribute to hearing in noise and the effort required to listen under challenging conditions.

Mertes has been interested in how the brain influences the inner ear since he was a graduate student.

Hearing is often thought of as a passive process: sound waves enter the ear, are converted into neural signals, and are sent to the brain for interpretation. However, the reality is far more complex. The auditory system has a top-down control mechanism that influences how the ear processes incoming sounds. This system, known as the medial olivocochlear efferent system, acts as a neural feedback loop that modulates auditory input.

But Mertes said there are still unanswered questions about how this system contributes to listening in everyday life. Efferent pathways originate in the brainstem and extend to the cochlea, the inner ear’s sensory organ responsible for converting sound waves into electrical signals. These pathways play a crucial role in adjusting how we hear in noisy environments. By selectively dampening background noise and enhancing speech signals, the medial olivocochlear system may improve our ability to focus on important sounds while ignoring irrelevant ones.

“My study also examines if the medial olivocochlear reflex is involved in listening effort,” he said. “Even if the medial olivocochlear reflex does not improve someone’s performance on a speech-in-noise task, it may reduce the mental resources needed to listen in background noise.”

Investigating Speech-in-Noise Recognition

The study aims to explore how variations in this top-down control contribute to an individual’s ability to understand speech in noisy settings. Researchers will work with adults who report varying levels of difficulty in hearing amid background noise. By measuring their auditory responses under controlled conditions, the team hopes to uncover patterns that link efferent function to speech recognition abilities. Mertes said that in addition to people with hearing loss, it’s estimated that up to 44 million U.S. adults have clinically normal hearing and yet report that they have difficulty hearing in noisy situations.

“We are still trying to understand the underlying reasons for these difficulties,” he said.

Beyond understanding speech in noise, the study will also explore the cognitive effort required to listen in difficult auditory environments

Participants will undergo a series of tests assessing their ability to discern speech against different levels of background noise. These assessments will be paired with physiological measurements of inner ear and auditory brainstem activity, allowing the researchers to determine how the brain’s feedback mechanisms influence perception. By comparing individuals with and without self-reported hearing difficulties, the research team aims to identify specific deficits in the olivocochlear system that may contribute to these challenges.

“We hypothesize that medial olivocochlear reflex function will be reduced in the group that reports having significant difficulties because they have less noise reduction happening at the level of their inner ear,” Mertes said.

Measuring Listening Effort

Beyond understanding speech in noise, the study will also explore the cognitive effort required to listen in difficult auditory environments. Listening effort is a critical but often subjective aspect of hearing. Even if two individuals achieve similar results on a hearing test, one may expend significantly more mental energy to achieve the same level of comprehension.

Implications for Future Research and Interventions

The findings from this study could have significant implications for hearing health care. Currently, hearing aids and assistive devices primarily amplify sound, but they do not always enhance speech clarity in noisy environments. By better understanding the brain’s role in modulating auditory input, researchers may pave the way for new treatments or hearing aid technologies that target neural mechanisms rather than just the mechanical aspects of hearing loss.

For example, future hearing aids might be designed to simulate the brain’s natural medial olivocochlear efferent control system, selectively amplifying relevant sounds while suppressing background noise more effectively. Additionally, clinicians could use diagnostic tests based on medial olivocochlear efferent function to personalize treatment strategies, ensuring that interventions are tailored to an individual’s specific auditory processing profile.

A Step Toward Better Hearing Solutions

This study represents an important step in bridging the gap between neuroscience and audiology. By shedding light on the intricate relationship between the brain and the ear, researchers hope to improve outcomes for individuals struggling with speech-in-noise recognition.

“I’m currently focused on understanding the physiology that is involved in hearing in background noise,” Mertes said. “I’m hopeful that my work will help contribute to improved diagnosis and treatment of listening difficulties, especially for people with clinically normal hearing.”

Editor’s note:

To reach Vince Lara-Cinisomo, email vinlara@illinois.edu.

Tags: Ian Mertes, SHS, SHS Newsletter Spring 2025

New SHS faculty member advancing communication for individuals with disabilities

May 20, 2025 | Adelyn Mui

AAC refers to a range of methods that people use to communicate, other than spoken language

*Savanna Brittlebank first became interested in AAC after working with children who had trouble communicating (Photo provided)*

By ADELYN MUI

Savanna Brittlebank has dedicated her academic career to improving communication for individuals with complex needs. As a new faculty member in the Department of Speech and Hearing Science in the College of Applied Health Sciences, she brings knowledge and experience to the field of augmentative and alternative communication, or AAC.

AAC refers to a range of methods that people use to communicate, other than spoken language. It includes gestures, symbols, pictures, writing or use of electronic devices to express thoughts, needs and wants.

Brittlebank first became interested in AAC after working with children who had trouble communicating. She initially majored in psychology but worked extensively with individuals with disabilities. One of the reasons she decided to come to the University of Illinois is that she values the robust resources that the university has.

“There’s a lot of opportunity as well for expansion of my research because there is just a strength across different disciplines of the research that’s going on,” Brittlebank said. “The university really values that and has a lot of support to kind of push that growth as well, which drew me here. I keep learning more and more.”

Brittlebank recalled a time when she worked with a 3-year-old girl who was hearing-impaired and blind. The child also had an intellectual and developmental disability and no speech.

“She was still developing language, and I didn’t know what to do,” Brittlebank said. “I didn’t know how to best support her communication. Whenever I spoke to my supervisors and when I looked in the research, there really wasn’t anything. I realized I wasn’t the only one who didn’t know how to help this population. I realized that’s more where my passion was, and so I went back and studied further, and I’ve focused on research on that ever since.”

Brittlebank grew up in Zimbabwe and completed her BSc Hons (comparable to a U.S. bachelor’s degree) at University of York in England before coming to the United States to complete her M.S. at Pennsylvania State University. After her M.S., she worked clinically in Wisconsin as a speech-language pathologist, then returned to Penn State for her Ph.D. From there, she made her way to Illinois as an assistant professor in SHS.

“University of Illinois is one of the most disability-friendly campuses,” Brittlebank said. “There’s so many different resources available for individuals with disabilities, and there’s so much accessibility, more so than I’ve seen in a lot of other places. That was really encouraging considering I often work with people with disabilities who have limited speech.”

Since joining the university in fall 2024, Brittlebank has been in the process of getting new projects up and running and finishing old ones. She said one of her goals is to expand the accessibility of these interventions in lower-resource communities. In late April, Brittlebank received an award from the Campus Research Board for her project titled “Communication Partner Training to Support Language Outcomes in Children with Significant Disabilities.” This intervention research will investigate the effectiveness of training communication partners (e.g., paraprofessionals, direct support staff) of young children with significant challenges in both speech and motor abilities (i.e., multiple disabilities) in an evidence-based strategy to enhance child language outcomes.

In addition to access for lower-resource communities, Brittlebank also said that AAC is still moving forward in terms of representation for different cultures and different languages.

“AAC can be particularly challenging. I think one of the biggest barriers is access to technology,” Brittlebank said. “We can definitely support communication with photographs or with writing, but a lot of what’s out there as well is access to these computer- or tablet-like systems where you can access the internet. Families might not have it readily in the home as it’s a more costly system.”

AAC can be particularly challenging. I think one of the biggest barriers is access to technology.

Savanna Brittlebank

Assistant Professor

Brittlebank has worked on projects such as Transition to Literacy or T2L, a software that provides dynamic speech and text output upon selecting a graphic symbol. She said that traditional systems can be limiting—if every single word is not programmed, an individual cannot say everything that they want. However, the T2L feature helps support literacy by teaching individuals.

“It’s the idea that it’s an additional support to direct literacy instruction, but it’s a great way that it can be embedded and someone can get exposure to literacy learning throughout the day,” Brittlebank said.

Brittlebank said literacy is powerful: if an individual has the alphabet, they can say anything they want.

“Literacy, in this day and age as well—it really enables social communication and building friendships. If someone has trouble with speech, and then they have trouble with communication, that has a series of impacts from not being able to engage in education or limiting employment opportunities and limiting the ability to make friendships,” Brittlebank said. “It’s really important to make sure that individuals have access to language and communication and have appropriate access to language and communication.”

Tags: College of Applied Health Sciences, Savanna Brittlebank, SHS Newsletter Spring 2025

AHS students present diverse projects for Undergrad Research Week

May 01, 2024 | Ethan Simmons

Students, faculty and staff got a taste of the findings from AHS’ budding student researchers during the AHS Undergraduate Research Expo

*Kinesiology juniors Elizabeth Martinez, center, and Aubrey Cervantes, left, present their research at the AHS Undergrad Research Expo (Photo by Ethan Simmons)*

For a freshman at the College of Applied Health Sciences, Saiesha Bollapragada’s research portfolio is impressive.

At last week’s Undergraduate Research Symposium, the I-Health major got to present the results from her first research project, “Public Health Preparedness Among UIUC Students During Extreme Heat Conditions,” where she examined students’ awareness and handling of severe heat in the spring semester.

She completed her study with a push from Students Pursuing Applications, Research and Knowledge, or SPARK, an AHS program that jump-starts incoming undergraduate students research experiences by pairing them with professors in the college. Bollapragada was placed with Recreation, Sport, and Tourism Associate Professor Mariela Fernandez, whose experience with urban environmental injustices fit her research topic perfectly.

“Professor Fernandez motivated me to start this project on my own,” Bollapragada said. “There’s a lot more reading involved than I thought there was, it was a lot of work preparing for the symposium, but if it’s something you’re interested in it’s a fun process.”

Students, faculty and staff got a taste of the findings from AHS’ budding student researchers during the AHS Undergraduate Research Expo at Huff Hall on Wednesday, April 24, where a roster of undergraduates gave poster presentations on a diverse range of research topics.

Many students spearheaded their own research projects with significant support and guidance from faculty and graduate students. Others, like a group of Speech and Hearing Science students from the Intellectual DisAbilities Communication Lab led by Associate Professor Marie Moore Channell, provided updates on long-range research projects they’ve assisted with on campus.

Three SHS seniors, Emma Mueller, Abigail Keasler and Liz Gremer, presented initial findings from their glimpse into the Speech Accessibility Project, an ongoing research endeavor looking to make voice recognition software—such as Apple’s Siri or Amazon’s Alexa—more accessible for people with different speech patterns.

Each of the students has helped recruit participants with Down syndrome or aided vocal transcriptions from the samples they’ve collected. Under the leadership of Channell, the lab hopes to collect 240,000 voice samples from 400 participants.

“Our poster looked into the recruiting process with that population and took a look at patterns of articulation differences exhibited by individuals with Down syndrome,” said Mueller, who transcribed vocal samples for the project.

All three of the students met in Channell’s lab, and immediately found research responsibilities once the Down syndrome portion of the project came under Channell’s purview.

“It’s been very rewarding, very interesting and very impactful,” Keasler said. “A lot of families in meetings or over the phone say, ‘Siri doesn’t really understand what we’re trying to say,’ so this is very important and I can’t wait to see the results of it.”

Coming to a project affiliated with SHS with “so much publicity and so much money coming in is encouraging,” said Gremer, who has helped recruit participants and set up their first meetings for collecting voice samples.

AHS student programs, such as the first-generation focused Mannie L. Jackson Illinois Academic Enrichment and Leadership Program (I-LEAP), were well represented in the research symposium. I-LEAP juniors Elizabeth Martinez and Aubrey Cervantes, both studying kinesiology, brought results from their research collaboration on high-intensity interval training.

Working within KCH Professor Steve Petruzzello’s Exercise Psychophysiology Lab, the pair analyzed 25 participants’ emotional responses to high-intensity exercise, compared with their scores and symptoms of several mental health qualities: namely anxiety, depression and neuroticism.

“We were looking at exercise adherence—how can we get more people to get more active—and we were really interested in HIIT exercise, so we put it all together in one research project,” Cervantes said.

What they found: Participants with more symptoms of depression reported more negative affect responses during the HIIT exercise, while anxiety and neuroticism didn’t show significant predictive power, they said.

“This is my first hands-on [study] that I can call my own and Aubrey’s,” said Martinez, who’s applying to physical therapy schools. “My favorite part is meeting with the participants. It’s so fun getting to know everyone, even if there’s a lot more hours behind the desk just plugging and chugging data.”

Editor’s note:

To reach Ethan Simmons, email ecsimmon@illinois.edu.

Tags: Marie Moore Channell, Students, Undergraduate Research Symposium

Three SHS doctoral students have plans to make an impact on their fields

May 21, 2024 | Anna Flanagan

By ANNA FLANAGAN

Under the mentorship of world-renowned scholars, doctoral students make significant contributions to the advancement of theory and practice in speech and hearing science through their dissertation research, as they prepare to assume leadership roles in clinical, industrial and academic settings.

Below, three of our outstanding SHS doctoral students discuss their research, and the impact they hope to have on the field.

Conflict monitoring

Mentored by Department of Speech and Hearing Science Professor Raksha Mudar in the Aging and Neurocognition Lab, Lizzy Lydon is focusing her doctoral research on communication abilities in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Her specific focus is on the cognitive construct called conflict monitoring, which helps individuals detect and resolve competing information in the environment. Lydon uses electroencephalography to examine alterations in brain waves when people with MCI perform different conflict monitoring tasks.

Before beginning her Ph.D. studies, Lydon worked as a speech-language pathologist with patients with MCI, many of whom reported communication challenges. “I often found it difficult to determine what type of treatment was the best choice for these individuals,” she said. “After looking through research, I realized there was a lack of evidence-based treatments for communication challenges in populations that experience mild changes to their cognition and language.”

Previous research had focused on understanding memory changes in adults with MCI. An emerging body of literature suggests that other cognitive functions such as conflict monitoring are affected. In using EEG in her research, Lydon may be able to identify neurophysiological markers that can be used for early diagnosis of MCI Research has shown that people with MCI are at a significantly greater risk of developing dementia than typically aging peers, Lydon noted, so it’s important not only to identify MCI earlier but also to better characterize the changes they experience.

“This can help to inform the development of interventions that have the potential to slow the progression to dementia and allow people to maintain independence and quality of life as long as possible,” she said.

In the fall, Lydon will join the faculty of the Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology at Miami University in Ohio as an assistant professor. She plans to continue to investigate how MCI affects different aspects of communication, as well as how these changes impact the ability to engage socially with others. “I am looking forward to this next adventure,” Lydon said, “and I’m so thankful for all the training I received here at Illinois.”

Listening effort

Silvia Murgia also plans to pursue an academic position after completing her degree this summer. For her dissertation, she is evaluating the impact of background noise and dysphonia, a voice disorder, on the mental energy needed to listen, or listening effort, of children performing a speech comprehension task. She is taking a comprehensive approach to her study, using subjective and objective measures of listening effort, including EEG analysis, as well as assessments of cognitive function to explain individual differences.

Murgia is mentored by SHS Associate Professor Pasquale Bottalico in the Speech Accommodation to Acoustics Lab. Understanding listening effort in children is crucial, Murgia said, as they spend a significant amount of time in school learning through communication activities. It is essential to minimize the amount of mental energy children use to listen in order to optimize the resources available for cognitive tasks such as memorization, comprehension and evaluation. Studies show that children’s cognition is affected by the speaker’s voice quality, the presence of background noise and the complexity of the listening task. Research also suggests that individual differences in executive function may be associated with variations in listening comprehension under adverse conditions. Her research addresses both external factors affecting listening effort and internal cognitive mechanisms that help children to cope with external challenges.

“My dissertation aims to provide a more nuanced understanding of how these adverse conditions impact listening effort and comprehension,” she said. “This could have significant implications for educational practices, especially in designing interventions and strategies to support children with different listening and cognitive profiles.”

In her academic career, Murgia plans to expand her research to include children with hearing loss and special needs. Her goal is to improve the academic outcomes and overall well-being of all children by identifying effective ways to reduce listening effort and optimize learning environments.

“I hope that my research empowers children by advocating for their communication needs and ensuring that they have access to the resources and support they require to succeed academically and socially,” she said. “I want to contribute to creating inclusive environments where all children can thrive.”

Vocal intensity

December 2023 graduate Simin Soleimanifar’s dissertation research investigated how using two cochlear implants, known as bilateral cochlear implantations, affected the ability of users to control variations in vocal intensity, or the volume of their voice, as compared to users with a unilateral cochlear implantation.

Soleimanifar noted that the challenges faced by bilateral cochlear implant users in controlling vocal intensity have not been widely researched. Through her study, she hoped to identify the underlying factors contributing to the challenges, with a specific focus on how differences in the perception of loudness growth between the two ears affect vocal performance.

“Vocal performance plays a crucial role in effective communication, and difficulties in controlling vocal intensity can lead to social and emotional consequences for the individuals affected,” Soleimanifar said. “By shedding light on the specific auditory perceptions that influence these difficulties, this research has the potential to lead to better-tailored cochlear implant programming and rehabilitation strategies, ultimately improving the communication outcomes for bilateral cochlear implantation users as well as their overall quality of life.”

Mentored by SHS Associate Professor Justin Aronoff in the Binaural Hearing Lab, Soleimanifar currently is a clinical research associate at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and is pursuing a career that bridges research and clinical practice. In addition to providing empirical evidence on the impact of bilateral cochlear implantation on vocal intensity control and identifying the role that mismatched loudness growth perception between ears plays in vocal performance, she hopes to inform clinical practice by highlighting the need for individualized implant programming and rehabilitation approaches that consider the auditory perceptions specific to bilateral cochlear implantations. Soleimanifar is particularly interested in applying her research findings within a multidisciplinary team to develop innovative implant technologies and rehabilitation strategies.

Tags: College of Applied Health Sciences, Justin Aranoff, Lizzy Lydon, Raksha Mudar, SHS Spring Newsletter 2024, Silvia Murga, Students

Georgia Malandraki named new head of the Department of Speech and Hearing Science

May 13, 2025 | Vince Lara-Cinisomo

Malandraki succeeds Pamela Hadley

*Georgia Malandraki earned her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 2008. (Photo provided)*

The College of Applied Health Sciences at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is pleased to announce the appointment of Dr. Georgia A. Malandraki as the new head of the Department of Speech and Hearing Science, effective January 2026. Dr. Malandraki brings with her an exceptional record of scholarly achievement, clinical innovation and academic leadership that will advance the department’s mission in education, research and service.

Dr. Malandraki succeeds Dr. Pamela Hadley as department head, who was appointed department head in 2020. Dr. Hadley will continue serving as the Charles and Kay Stenberg Endowed Professor in Disability Research.

“Since earning my Ph.D. in Speech and Hearing Science from Illinois in 2008, I have been fortunate to have a deeply fulfilling career—one that has been profoundly shaped by the training and mentorship I received during my doctoral years,” Malandraki said. “It is an incredible honor to return to my alma mater to serve as head of SHS. As I step into this role, I am beyond humbled and filled with excitement.

“I follow in the footsteps of professor and current head, Dr. Pamela Hadley, whose compassionate leadership and dedication have strengthened the department through growth and challenges, including during the pandemic. I first met Dr. Hadley during my final year as a doctoral student, and her warmth and generosity have left a lasting impression—one she has carried into her impactful tenure as head. I am deeply grateful for her example and the foundation that she, along with her distinguished predecessors, has built. As I take on this role, I do so with humility, gratitude, and a strong commitment to inclusive excellence, innovation, and collaboration. I look forward to working alongside the exceptional SHS faculty, students, and staff, and under the inspiring leadership of AHS Dean Cheryl Hanley-Maxwell, as we continue to advance impactful research, education, and service in the field of communication sciences and disorders at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Go Illini!”

Dr. Malandraki joins the University of Illinois from Purdue University, where she served as a professor in the Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, with a courtesy appointment in the Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering. At Purdue, she directed the I-EaT Swallowing Research Laboratory and Clinic and played a pivotal role in interdisciplinary research and education focused on the neural mechanisms of swallowing function.

Dr. Malandraki earned her Ph.D. at the University of Illinois in 2008 after earning her master’s at Ohio University and her undergraduate degree from the Technological Educational Institute of Patras, Greece.

An internationally recognized expert in dysphagia, Dr. Malandraki is a certified speech-language pathologist, a board-certified specialist in swallowing and swallowing disorders, and a Fellow of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Her groundbreaking work has focused on the development of neurophysiologically driven interventions and telehealth solutions to expand access to care for individuals with swallowing disorders, particularly in underserved populations.

Dr. Malandraki is a founding member of the Purdue CEREBBRAL Center and a faculty associate with the Purdue Center for Aging and the Life Course. Her contributions to the field have earned her numerous accolades, including the NIH NIBIB R21 Trailblazer Award in 2019, the Purdue Early Career Research Achievement Award, and the 2021 ASHA Fellowship. Her team also received the 2021 Editor’s Award from the Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research (JSLHR), and she was honored with the 2022 Honors of the Indiana Speech-Language-Hearing Association.

In addition to her research accomplishments, Dr. Malandraki is widely respected for her commitment to excellence in teaching. Since joining Purdue in 2014, she has been recognized with eight departmental teaching awards and received the 2018 Patsy J. Mellott Teaching Innovation Award from Purdue’s College of Health and Human Sciences.

“We are thrilled to welcome Dr. Malandraki to the University of Illinois,” said Cheryl Hanley-Maxwell, dean of the College of Applied Health Sciences. “Her visionary leadership, collaborative spirit and unwavering dedication to advancing the science and practice of communication and swallowing disorders make her an ideal choice to lead our Department of Speech and Hearing Science into its next chapter.”

Editor’s note:

To reach Vince Lara-Cinisomo, email vinlara@illinois.edu.

Tags: Cheryl Hanley-Maxwell, Georgia Malandraki, Moving Forward, Pamela Hadley, Speech and Hearing Science

Q&A: Pamela Hadley, SHS Department Head

Jan. 15, 2024 | Lisa Bralts

Dr. Pamela Hadley joined the Department of Speech and Hearing Science in AHS in 2007 and has been department head since 2021. A tireless advocate for the groundbreaking work of SHS colleagues past and present, Dr. Hadley somehow found the time for an energetic interview on a sunny September afternoon.

*‘We have such a great group of remarkable scientists who are really committed to rigor in their research,’ Department Head Pamela Hadley said. (Photo by Ethan Simmons)*

Q: This year’s deeper dives into the history of the Department of Speech and Hearing Science at the University of Illinois have been fascinating. Was there anything in any of these explorations that surprised you, even in your role as the department’s head?

A: Oh, absolutely. For example, I didn’t know how instrumental faculty at the University of Illinois had been in the development of the ASHA [American Speech-Language-Hearing Association] journals. The field continues to grapple, even today, with how to disseminate scientific findings.

There also are many discussions about opening up access to science, especially those things that are federally funded by taxpayer dollars. The internet and social media have fundamentally changed the number of options for sharing scientific findings and clinical resources with the public. That’s something that, looking forward, we will continue to work through. With regard to the SHS at 50 stories, it was really important for me to appreciate the role that Illinois faculty had in the development of those early journals at the very beginning.

Q: What are some topics you would have liked to explore for this series if we’d had more time?

A: Something we talked about early on was exploring paradigm shifts in the field. There are individuals from Illinois who were responsible for changing the way in which our field approached clinical practice. Some of those researchers include Dean Emerita Tanya Gallagher and Carol Prutting, who were mentored by Tom Shriner Jr. in the 1970s. Together they were responsible for bringing the pragmatics revolution into the field of speech-language pathology and establishing the subfield of clinical pragmatics, focused on how language is used in conversational interactions.

Another example: Elaine Paden and Ph.D. student Barbara Hodson contributed to a paradigm shift in how we treat young children’s speech-sound disorders. They were instrumental in shifting the field toward treating classes of sounds to improve the intelligibility of young children’s speech more efficiently. That was a huge paradigm shift.

Professor Emerita Adrienne Perlman was an advocate for expanding the speech-language pathology scope of practice to include dysphagia, or swallowing disorders. When I was a clinical student, swallowing wasn’t part of our scope of practice yet! Now it’s such a fundamental aspect of medical SLPs’ role in hospitals and skilled nursing facilities in particular.

Finally, it would have been wonderful to highlight major research projects throughout the history of the department, such as the Illinois International Stuttering Research Project that was led by Professor Emeritus Ehud Yairi.

Q: What’s impressed you the most about the department’s growth and development since you joined the faculty?

A: I’m so impressed with my faculty colleagues. We have such a great group of remarkable scientists who are really committed to rigor in their research. They hold themselves and their students to high standards, and at the same time, they’re just truly wonderful people who’ve been so committed to delivering high-quality instruction through some really unprecedented times. I admire their resilience. I enjoy their company. In short, I’m just really proud to lead this department.

Q: What are some new areas in this field that recent graduates, current students, and students who will join you in the next few years have, or will have, the expertise to address as they move into their careers?

A: Telehealth is a professional area that has really expanded rapidly in the last three years. Prior to COVID-19, students weren’t trained to assess or treat via telehealth at all. It was considered to be an advanced clinical skill and not something that students would be expected to learn until they had years of clinical practice under their belt.

During the stay-at-home mandates, telehealth became a lifeline, and it caused our professional bodies to reconsider whether this was an essential skill that all our students in training needed to have. We also had many research projects that were required to pivot to remote data collection. Students today are far more advanced in their knowledge and skills in this area, and they are better prepared to conduct research and deliver clinical services remotely than prior graduates.

Q: Let’s talk a bit more about the department’s Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology Clinic. You’ve referred to it as the “crown jewel” of the department’s community outreach efforts. How would you like to see the clinic evolve?

A: This summer we had a public meeting as part of a follow-up, in-person site visit from our accreditation body, and a number of individuals who received services from our clinic and their family members attended the meeting. They just raved to the site visitors about the services that they were receiving and the impact of those services on their well-being and quality of life. To hear that kind of feedback from the families that we serve just means everything—it’s so essential to what we’re trying to accomplish in terms of our public engagement and outreach, and it’s testimony to how critically important communication skills are to participation in everyday activities. That encapsulates why I’ve referred to the clinic as a “crown jewel.”

I’d really like to see the clinic expand its sphere of influence beyond the Urbana-Champaign community. My dream for the clinic would be for it to be a center of excellence, particularly for families in rural communities that may not have access to state-of-the-science resources in their local communities. Also, it would be my hope that we could bring individuals here for comprehensive assessments and develop the types of support those families might need for ongoing care, and then maintain that contact through telehealth with educators or health care providers in their local communities. I think that that could be really powerful.

Q: We’ve established through these stories that the SHS faculty at Illinois have been pioneers in the research, and they’ve been leaders in their profession since the beginning. Will these stories serve as inspiration for future activities? Where do you think this department can lead your disciplines in the future?

A: I think these stories helped us bring history alive and explored some topics in a more conversational way than reading a review of the history of the department. What I most hope, though, is that these stories provide our students and faculty with a strong sense of where they come from and, really, a deeper appreciation of the fact they’re standing on the shoulders of giants—pioneers who really established the profession and were influential from the beginning.

Where do I think SHS will lead the discipline in the future? I envision SHS faculty and students contributing to innovations in health technology, including the use of that technology to improve treatment options, and evaluating how different design features might promote people’s use of those technologies and what new technologies are desired. Those health technologies could include how we are designing and developing hearing aids, which treatments best fit an individual’s cognitive profiles and communication needs, how we interact with augmentative and alternative communication devices, how we use speech recognition devices, or how we use different kinds of technologies to age in place successfully. Technology has moved really quickly just in the last year. So the next 50 years? It’s hard to imagine where we’ll be!

For more on the 50th anniversary of SHS at Illinois, check out our stories at shs.illinois.edu/shs-50.

Tags: Moving Forward, Pamela Hadley, SHS

Master Plan: How campus investment will boost AHS master’s programs

Jan. 15, 2024 | Ethan Simmons

Revamped online degrees are expected to expand the accessibility of AHS programs worldwide, reaching new students from underrepresented and nontraditional backgrounds

*RST interim department head Bill Stewart, left, chats with MHA director Lynne Barnes and MPH director Pedro Hallal (Photo by Ethan Simmons)*

Three master’s programs in the College of Applied Health Sciences are undergoing transformations for the digital age.

After receiving a $2.035 million award from the University of Illinois Investment for Growth program, AHS faculty, administrators and industry partners will collaborate to create online versions of the Master of Public Health and Master of Health Administration degrees. Additionally, the Master of Recreation, Sport and Tourism online degree will be restructured into three specialized programs: recreation and park management, sport management and administration, and tourism and event management.

The revamped online degrees are expected to expand the accessibility of AHS programs worldwide, reaching new students from underrepresented and nontraditional backgrounds.

“Going global has been a priority of this university for years,” said Pedro Hallal, Alvin M. and Ruth L. Sandall professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and director of the MPH program. “So now going global is a priority of this program as well.”

The addition of “stackable certificates” across each discipline will attract nontraditional students looking to boost their knowledge as well as mid-career professionals seeking expertise in their chosen industry.

Each program is committed to including new voices in their online instructional material, mainly experienced professionals working in the respective fields.

“It’ll be a nice blend,” said Lynne Barnes, the longtime top Carle Foundation Hospital administrator who was hired as director of the MHA program this fall. “We’ll have professors who really understand the knowledge base of the field, and we’ll also have clinical people who are working in the field doing the teaching, just like we do for the in-person program.”

The creation of new online master’s degree formats will start with collaboration with AHS’ online learning team. The online MPH program and restructured RST online master’s degrees will begin enrolling students in fall 2025; the online MHA program will debut in fall 2026.

“We’re taking the ‘growth’ term very seriously,” said Professor Bill Stewart, interim department head for RST. “This is a long-term investment for us, not just a one-off thing.”

MPH: ‘The perfect storm’ for growth

To populations around the globe, the COVID-19 pandemic was a clarion call to the vital importance of public health infrastructure.

The awakening clearly reached young people pondering their life paths: According to data from the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health, applications to public health graduate degree programs increased 40 percent from 2020 to 2021.

“It’s so much easier now to choose a career related to public health,” said KCH Associate Professor Andi Schwingel, who is working alongside Hallal in developing the online coursework.

“Going global has been a priority of this university for years. So now going global is a priority of this program as well.”

Pedro Hallal

HK Professor, director of the MPH program

For the University of Illinois’ MPH program, the decision to create an online program is also a matter of maturity, Hallal said. Four years have elapsed since the program obtained accreditation from the Council on Education for Public Health.

“Some people in your neighborhood will add a security camera, and you don’t think it’s important until your house gets robbed, and then you see, ‘Oh, I needed that camera,’” Hallal said. “I think that is exactly what happened with public health.

“It was the perfect storm for our time to grow.”

The work ahead will be rigorous, with 20-plus courses awaiting development. Faculty plan to work with external partners, such as public health professionals, to create new course content. And it will be suited to the future landscape of public health, Hallal said: How might climate change and global warming transform health needs? How can we address the coexistence of infectious diseases with chronic conditions, like hypertension and diabetes?

A target for the MPH online expansion is the non-traditional student population. The MPH program will offer six certificates: epidemiology, biostatistics, public health, one health, physical activity and health and health promotion.

“It’s the time for us to reach nontraditional students, we feel ready for it,” Schwingel said. “We want to keep the rigor, the quality that we’ve been giving students in their residential program to the online space as well.”

MHA: Making health administration accessible

The MHA program at Illinois is designed to prepare students for leadership in the healthcare industry.

What the MHA program has recently observed, according to KCH Assistant Professor Mina Raj, is an influx of requests for an online equivalent, especially among mid-career healthcare administrators.

“The pandemic has made salient how important the healthcare system is, and how important it is to have administrators who can respond to public health emergencies and other unpredictable situations,” Raj said.

The overriding goal for the online degree is accessibility, Raj said: What material can be packaged into a four-week or eight-week course? The MHA online degree will offer three professional certificates: health finance, healthcare quality and health informatics.

“I think for this group of professionals it’s really about giving them the context and rationale behind why certain decisions are made as administrators or within a healthcare organization, as well as the tools to anticipate the impacts or consequences of various administrative decisions,” Raj said. “We have faculty with different expertise, different professional backgrounds, and everyone is excited to teach these courses.”

The work has already begun for Barnes, who wants to incorporate seasoned industry experts into course content. Barnes came to the university after retiring from a 45-year career at Carle Foundation Hospital.

“I hope to use real clinicians, people doing the work like at Christie Clinic, Carle and OSF Healthcare to be part of the lectures, so that the students who are online, all over the world and all over the United States experience instruction through people who are actually doing the work,” Barnes said.

RST: Degrees for specialized industries

The Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism has been a leader in online education, debuting the first online master’s program in the discipline back in 2008.

But there wasn’t much fanfare, Stewart said. Online degrees were seen as “second-class programs” two decades ago.

“We were there at the beginning of the front to move online learning into a respectable degree process of education,” Stewart said.

Today, recreation, sport and tourism combine for an estimated $90 billion global set of industries. The pandemic resulted in a surge of public interest in leisure time and nature exploration, opening up new opportunities for professionals in the field, Stewart said.

“[RST] is about what we do in our free time to extend who we are and add value to our lives,” Stewart said. “We’ve come to embrace our needs for leisure-time activities in the last two years in ways that enhance our well-being and nurture our souls.”

The upcoming split of the current online master’s program into three tracks is a response to internal and external trends. Enrollment in the online MS in RST has plateaued in recent years, while other institutions have introduced their own online degrees in the discipline.

*Online degrees were seen as “second-class programs” two decades ago, but no longer, said Bill Stewart, center. (Photo by Ethan Simmons)*

Meanwhile, the demands of the industry have become more specialized over time.

“There’s still a need for the generalist degree, but because of the growth, we are finding professionals out there who need more help with the specialty,” Stewart said.

Students and mid-career professionals will be able to enroll in a new slate of RST certificates in high-demand topics, including inclusive design, agricultural tourism, sport analytics, e-sport administration, and diversity, equity and inclusion.

The department is in the process of searching for a director of the RST online program, Stewart said, while tapping into a vast network of alumni to help develop new course content.

“Our alumni value the friends and faculty they came to know as students and find various ways to give back to the department,” Stewart said. “Many of our alums are leading remarkable careers in contexts related to recreation, sport and tourism; they readily share their expertise through assistance in course development, guest lectures, creating internship opportunities for our current students, and in some cases, teaching classes for us.

“Our students come here because they care about making people feel better, their well-being, their sense of community and health. They want to give back to the community and they want to give back to the department that gave them this path in life.”

Editor’s note:

To reach Ethan Simmons, email ecsimmon@illinois.edu.

Tags: AHS Online, Bill Stewart, Investment for Growth, Lynne Barnes, Moving Forward, Pedro Hallal

Global opportunities

April 03, 2024 | Anna Flanagan

The College of Applied Health Sciences boasts a diverse student body in which 33 percent of the students belong to historically underrepresented racial and ethnic groups and 149 students are from other countries

*Jemimah Bakare, right, Emmanuel Dubure and Byron Juma, left, are parts of a growing contingent of Illinois students from Africa (Photo by Michelle Hassel)*

The Republic of Ghana has the second-largest population in West Africa. Until recently, Emmanuel Dubure was one of its more than 32 million inhabitants. He said the part of the country where he grew up faces many health challenges, and he wanted to develop the expertise to make a difference. He chose to study in the United States, he said, because “the U.S. has the best educational system at the graduate level and is a hub for research and experts in many fields.”

Dubure aspires to work at the community level to improve health back home. He learned of Illinois on LinkedIn and liked the idea of obtaining his master’s degree in community health from a well-ranked Research 1 university.

“Most importantly, I chose to come here because the College of Applied Health Sciences had faculty doing good research in my area of interest, which is the use of nutrition education to improve health, particularly in relation to chronic conditions,” he said.

Dubure described his experience at Illinois as “amazing” and said he would strongly recommend it to other international students.

“I have met a lot of wonderful people, both students and professors. The environment here is very stimulating and supportive of learning,” he said. “AHS is very multicultural, which gives you an opportunity to learn about different cultures. It also helps you feel at home because you meet other people from your home country.”

A common sense of humanity

The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign boasts one of the largest international student populations among public institutions in the United States. According to the university’s Vision 2030 Global Strategy document, the first international students arrived on campus just four years after the university was founded. In 1907, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign became the first university in the nation to create the position of international student advisor, an early recognition of the benefits of worldwide perspectives in education and scholarship.

Marta Schneider, associate director for global communication at Illinois International, said the university’s global strategy puts a high priority on intentional engagement in Global South countries.

“The number of students from the African continent have indeed been increasing, with Nigeria being among the top 10 represented countries at Illinois in 2021 and 2022,” she said. “The university also is committing resources to increasing ties with Latin America and underrepresented parts of Asia.”

Bill Stewart, interim head of the Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, thinks encouraging international enrollments is a good idea.

“A world-class university needs a world-class student body to prepare future professionals for careers that will involve advancing relationships across international and cultural boundaries,” he said. “International students elevate class discussions and activities and research programs by sharing insights and cultural values.”

As a result, he adds, domestic students often better understand cultural differences and similarities and reflect on their own cultural heritage. International students can increase understanding of a common sense of humanity.

This has certainly been the case for Sandraluz Lara-Cinisomo, associate professor of kinesiology and community health. Her research addresses disparities in the mental health of women and mothers in different racial, ethnic and immigrant groups and the military. In her Laboratory for Emotion and Stress Assessment, she has graduate students from Nigeria, Ethiopia and The Republic of The Gambia. She said the insights that international students provide on perinatal mental health disparities are critical for addressing the diverse needs of mothers not only globally but also within the United States.

The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is a prestigious institution, and I am extremely proud of being a student here. I wouldn’t want other international students to miss out on these crucial opportunities.

MaryEllen Mendy

Doctoral candidate, Community Health

“International students have lived experiences that are valuable when considering risk factors for perinatal mental health, barriers to care and innovative strategies that respect diverse communities’ cultural and linguistic needs,” Lara-Cinisomo said.

Domestic students also benefit from learning, she added, that while public health crises abroad may appear identical to ones in the United States, they may actually involve layers of complex cultural and political systems that aren’t observed here.

One of Lara-Cinisomo’s mentees, Mary Ellen Mendy, hails from the smallest country within mainland Africa, the Republic of The Gambia. Women in The Gambia face many challenges to their physical and mental health. After completing her Ph.D. in community health, Mendy hopes to apply all that she has learned from this program and her Master of Public Health program at the University of Illinois Springfield to making a difference back home.

“The skills I am developing are already paving the way for my future career as a researcher,” Mendy said. “I have received so much training in the Laboratory for Emotion and Stress Assessment lab, which I greatly value.”

Mendy said she already has recommended the program to friends back in The Gambia: “The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is a prestigious institution, and I am extremely proud of being a student here. I wouldn’t want other international students to miss out on these crucial opportunities.”

A wholehearted recommendation

Like their domestic colleagues, international students also benefit from the exposure to different cultures. Kenyan student Byron Juma said he has seen the months fly by as he’s grown “leaps and bounds” from his interactions with students from different parts of the world.

“I have taken classes from different departments and appreciated the opportunities to interact with students from diverse academic and social backgrounds and nationalities,” he said. “Such interactions have enriched my academic life and allowed me to view my research from different perspectives. Furthermore, these interactions have allowed me to learn and appreciate other cultures, thus building my emotional and social intelligence.”

Juma, who is pursuing a Ph.D. in recreation, sport and tourism, has researched doping in sport in Africa and Europe. The unique closed-league system and heavy commercialization of sport in the United States offered an exciting new perspective for his research. The possibility of studying with RST Assistant Professor Julian Woolf, one of the world’s leading scholars on the topic, was also enticing.

“I firmly believe that AHS has some of the best faculty in the country,” Juma said. “Getting a degree in the college counts as a prestigious achievement.”

Juma also noted that the outstanding diversity of the student body in AHS, where 33 percent of the students belong to historically underrepresented racial and ethnic groups and 149 students are from other countries, makes it easy to feel at home.
Nigerian student Jemimah Bakare, who is pursuing a master’s degree in community health, agrees.

“The campus’ commitment to diversity and inclusion makes it an attractive choice for an international student,” she said. “The sense of belonging and the opportunities for cultural exchange are enriching aspects of the university experience that I believe are essential for personal growth and academic success.”

Bakare’s interests focus on the management of type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease in older adults. She was drawn to the strong academic and research reputation of the campus and the college as well as the student body diversity.

“The academic rigor and quality of instruction have exceeded my expectations,” she said. “Furthermore, the university’s emphasis on research and practical application of knowledge has provided me with valuable hands-on experiences that will undoubtedly contribute to my future career in community health.”

Because of this combination of academic excellence, diversity and translational research opportunities, Bakare would “wholeheartedly” recommend the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and the College of Applied Health Sciences to other Nigerian students. In addition, she said, the support services and resources available to international students at the university help to ensure a smooth transition to life in the United States.

Tags: Byron Juma, Emmanuel Dubure, Jemimah Bakare, Moving Forward, Students

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Q: This year’s deeper dives into the history of the Department of Speech and Hearing Science at the University of Illinois have been fascinating. Was there anything in any of these explorations that surprised you, even in your role as the department’s head?

Q: What are some topics you would have liked to explore for this series if we’d had more time?

Q: What’s impressed you the most about the department’s growth and development since you joined the faculty?

Q: What are some new areas in this field that recent graduates, current students, and students who will join you in the next few years have, or will have, the expertise to address as they move into their careers?

Q: Let’s talk a bit more about the department’s Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology Clinic. You’ve referred to it as the “crown jewel” of the department’s community outreach efforts. How would you like to see the clinic evolve?

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